A

Etymological Legend
Ch	Chinese
CT	Common Turkic
Kh	Khalkha Mongolian
Khak	Khakas
LM	Literary Mongolian
LT	Literary Tibetan
NE	Northeastern Turkic
Rus	Russian
Skt	Sanskrit

• a but, and; a ol ïškaš and likewise; men čoruptayn, a sen artïp kag let me go, but you must stay; bo dalay eves, a xöl-dür this is not a sea but a lake; kïš düšken, a xar am-daa čagbaan winter has set in but it has not snowed yet; bo tool eves, a xerek kïrïnda bolgan čüve-dir this is not a story but something that happened in fact; a čül dize namely, that is; a čül ïnčaš? what exactly? [←Rus a]
• aa ah!; aa, bo siler ïškažïŋar čül! ah, it is you!; aa, siler čanïp kelgen ïškaš čül siler! ah, so you have returned apparently!; aa, čüü didir sen? ah, what are you saying?
• aa (emphatic particle); bo čüveniŋ čiktiin aa! this is an ashtonishing thing!; ekizin aa! how good! čüge ïïttavayn-dïr sen aa? why is it you are keeping mum?
• aa biestings, colostrum; inek aazï cow biestings.
• aadam (~ aadama) fiery (of horses).
• aadamna- of horses to be obstinate, refractory, restive, fiery; to gambol, to frisk.
• aadaŋ piece of leather or textile for wrapping tea or tobacco.
• aadaŋna- to wrap in a wrapping for tea or tobacco.
• aadïg rocking, swinging; rocking chair.
• aadïïškïn rocking, swinging.
• aagayla- to persuade, to talk into.
• aagaylat- to let persuade, to let talk into.
• aak strength of taste; šaynïŋ aagï the strong taste of tea; xandïnïŋ aagï the strong taste of nastoyka liqueur. [←Kh aag, LM aγa]
• aak whim, caprice.
• aak consequence, after-effects; sook aagï (~ sooktuŋ aagï) the after-effects of cold; bögün sook-tur, xar aagïndan ïnčap tur boor it is cold today, evidently as a consequence of the snow.
• aak rebuke, reproach.
• aak- (of a sick child) to be whimsical, to complain.
• aak-baak (~ aak-maak): aak-maak četpe very quick, in a moment; aak-baak-daa četpes quickly, in a flash.
• aaksïg of strong taste, tasty; aaksïg šay strong tea.
• aaksït- to make strong (tea); šaynï aaksïdïr xayïndïr- to brew strong tea.
• aakta- to reproach. [LM ayaγla-]
• aaktal- (of a sick child) to complain.
• aaktïg fickle, capricious (of a sick child).
• aal settlement, encampment, village, house; aal kodanï village grounds; olar aalïnda they are at home; aal malï domestic animals; aal išti inhabitant of a house, village; member of the family; ulug aal prison, jail. [<CT *a:gïl, cf. LM ail]
• aal (term of address) boy, chap; friend, comrade; kandïg (~ kančaar) čurttap tur sen, aal? how is life, chap?
• aal-oran place of residence, home; aal-oran čok homeless.
• aala- to cry (of a child), to shout, to howl (of animals).
• aalčï guest; xündülüg aalčï honoured guest; aalčïlar bažïŋï guest house, hotel. [LM ayilči(n)]
• aalda- to visit; ködeede törelderimge aaldap čoraan men I visited my relatives in town; adïg aalda- to hunt bears (lit. to visit the bear).
• aaldaš- to visit one another.
• aaldat- to let visit, to invite.
• aamay stupid, confused; scatter-brain; day-dreamer. [Tofa aamay]
• aamaylan- to loiter, to linger.
• aan later; aan kelir men I will come later on. [Tofa aan]
• aan (emphatic particle) kïmïl ol? oglum aan who is that? this now is my son; bo nomnu aan, nomčudun be? as for this book, have you read it? [Tofa aan]
• aanakayïn (~ aanaytan ~ anaytkan) unexpectedly; moreover; again; aanaytan, xar baza čaapkan it snowed inopportunely.
• aaŋayïn- to sob, to howl, to bawl.
• aap-saap several, small, petty; aap-saap ažïldar odd jobs; aap-saap čüve small things.
• aar heavy; difficult, severe; expensive; weight, burdon; aar čühk heavy load; aar aarïg severe illness; aar ažïl heavy work, hard labour; šoodaynïŋ aarï the weight of the bag. [<CT *agïr]
• aar oh!; seni aar! oh, you!
• aar < alïr takes, taking; cf. al- to take.
• aar other side; aar iy northern slope of a mountain where the sun does not shine; Möŋgün Tayganïŋ aar iyi the northern slope of Mount Möŋgün.
• aar-berge severe, heavy; aar-berge amïdïral harsh life; aar-berge oruk heavy journey.
• aar-saar several, small, routine; bažïŋnïŋ aar-saar septelgezi routine repairs on the house; aar-saar xerekter small affairs.
• aarak rather; sïmïranï aarak rather whisperingly; xülümzürüy aarak smiling a bit.
• aaray well; küžür erni aaray well, what a man!
• aarï- to become ill, to suffer from a disease, to be hurting; to be fan of; malyariyadan aarï- to suffer from malaria; ool aarïp tur his/her son is ill; bažïm aarïp tur I have a headache; kayï komanda deeš aarïïr siler? what team are you fan of?; ehdi aarï- of labour pains to set in; sagïš aarï- to suffer from a mental illness. [<CT *agrï-]
• aarï-aržï- to be ill.
• aarïg illness, disease, pain; ill, sick; baš aarïï headache; diš aarïï tooth ache; sagïš aarïï mental illness; aar aarïg severe disease; xooču aarïg chronic disease; xaldavïrlïg aarïg infectious disease; aarïg kiži ill person, patient; tenek aarïg lunatic; aarïglarnï baš udur boldurbas dugayïnda ažïl profilactic work. [<CT *agïrïg]
• aarïgan ailing, sickly.
• aarïganna- to be sickly, to be often ill.
• aarïg-aržïk diseases, ilnesses.
• aarïg-aržïktïg suffering from diseases, ilnesses.
• aarïg-čovulaŋ pangs, (serious) disease.
• aarïgla- (of plants) to be diseased; bo ünüš aarïglay bergen this plant is diseased.
• aarïglïg ill, sick; painful, sore; aarïglïg urug sick child; aarïglïg aytïrïg painful subject. [<CT *agïrïglïg]
• aarïgzï- to be ill, unwell, indisposed.
• aarïgzïn- to feel not healthy, ill; men aarïgzïnïp tur men I am not feeling well.
• aarïïčal sickly.
• aarïkčï fan, supporter.
• aarïkšï pain, illness.
• aarïkšïlïg painful, hurting.
• aarïksa- to ache a little, on and off, now and then; baš aarïksap tur I am having a bit of a headache.
• aarïšïnčak squeamish.
• aaršïlïg painful, hurting; arïnïŋ šagarï aaršïlïg a bee sting is painful; meŋee aaršïlïg-dïr I feel pain, it hurts me.
• aart- to make ill.
• aarta- to weigh, to be heavy; čahstan ton aartay bergen the garment became heavy from the rain; bažïm aartay bergen my head became heavy; adaa aarta- to become pregnant.
• aarta- to sip; šay aarta- to sip from the tea.
• aartat- to make heavy.
• aartïk burden, obstacle.
• aartïkta- to consider as a burden, obstacle.
• aarzïn- to feel the weight of; to feel ill, to be failing.
• aarzïnčak squeamish.
• aarzïndïr- to cause harm, to hurt.
• aaržï cheese curd, strained sediment of sour milk; kurgag aaržï dried curds; öl aaržï moist curds. [←Kh aarc, LM aγarča(n)]
• aaržï-čökpek diary products.
• aaržï-xoytpak food products prepared from sour milk.
• aaržïla- to prepare cheese curds.
• aaržïlïg containing cheese curds.
• aas mouth; mouth of a river; opening; aksï his/her/its mouth; aas išti oral cavity; adïg aksï bear’s mouth, jaws; xem aksï estuary; boo aksï muzzle of a gun; ottug dag aksï crater of a vulcano; aas čugaa spoken language; ulustuŋ aas čogaalï folklore, folk arts; aas-bile oral, by mouth; aas ayïïlï wicked or spiteful tongue; bak aas gossip. [<CT *agïz]
• aas lid; xönek aksï the lid of a teapot.
• aas-dïl argument, quarrel, scandal; aas-dïl kïl- to argue, to quarrel.
• aas-dïldïg quarrelsome.
• aas-kežik good fate, luck, happiness.
• aas-kežiktig lucky.
• aaspïrak rude, sharp-tongued.
• aastïg quarrelsome.
• aat- to dandle, to rock, to swing, to sway; čaš urugnu aat- to rock the baby.
• aatkïïš hook on which to suspend the cradle; swings; seesaws.
• aatkïïšta- to dandle, to rock, to swing, to sway.
• aattïn- to swing; aatkïïška aattïn- to swing on the swings.
• aattïnčak hanging, pendant; aattïnčak kavay hanging cradle.
• aattïnïš- to swing together.
• aay order; direction; way, manner; essence, main point, gist, sense, purport; state, condition, situation; kandïg-daa aay čok without any order, disorderly, chaotic; xattïŋ aayï direction of the wind; šimčeeškinniŋ aayï direction of a movement; čugaanïŋ aayï the character of the conversation; xerektiŋ aayï kandïgïl? how is the state of affairs?; čüveniŋ aayï the gist of the thing; aytïrïgnïŋ aayï the purport of the question; aay bar it makes sense; aayïn tïp- to comprehend, to grasp, to gain an understanding of; to find a solution, way out; aayï tïvïlbas incredible, incomprehensible; ažïldïŋ aayïn tïvar xerek it is necessary to understand the state of affairs; aayï-bile in the manner of; oruk aayï-bile in passing, incidentally; ağïm aayï-bile with the stream, current; klasstar aayï-bile by class; öŋ aayï-bile by colour; deŋzi aayï-bile by weight; alfavit aayï-bile in alphabetical order; ažïl aayï-bile by work; ööreen aayï-bile with pleasure; xoradaan aayï-bile out of spite; čugaalaan aayï-bile as a manner of speaking, in one’s opinion; maŋnaan aayï-bile with a running jump; öžešken aayï-bile out of stubbornness; aay xol right hand; aay salgïn favourable wind, fair wind; ahttïŋ aay čarïï the side on which one usually mounts the horse; aay oktalga positive charge; aayïnga kir- ~ aayïn ertpe- to agree, to reach an agreement; kiži aayïnga kirbe- to be not easy to manage; kiži aayïndan ertpe- to be obedient, dutiful. [Tofa aay]
• aay-baš state, situation; order; čünüŋ aay-bažïn tïppas s/he does not understand the state of it; aay-baš čok in disorder; aay-baš čok šimčeeškin movement without order; aay-baš čok čoruk mess, jumble; nomnar aay-baš čok čïtkïlaan the books were lying about scattered; aay-bažï tïvïlbas chaotic.
• aay-dedir back and forth.
• aayla- to put in order; to arrange, to settle; to remove, to dispose of; bažïŋ ištin aayla- to tidy up the house.
• aaylaaškïn the act of putting into order, settling, arrangement.
• aaylan- to gather, to prepare (for the road); to come to, to regain consciousness; to put an end to one’s life, to commit suicide.
• aaylandïr- to put in order, to arrange.
• aaylandïrïïškin the act of putting into order, settling, arangement; direction.
• aaylaš- to put in order together, to arange together; to be lucky, successful; aaylažïp ber- to help arrange; aŋnaarïmga meŋee aylažïp tur I was lucky at my hunting.
• aaylaškak lucky, succesful; aaylaškak kiži lucky person.
• aaylaštïr- to let put in order together.
• aaylattïn- to prepare (for the road); to come to.
• aaylïg orderly; feasible; čüve aaylïg boor the thing must be orderly; aaylïg ažïl feasable work; aaylïg xerek feasable matter; kandïg aaylïg? what, what kind of?; kandïg aaylïg ažïlïl? what kind of the work? kandïg aaylïg kižil? what kind of the person?
• aaylïg very; senden aaylïg diledim be I vehemently beg of you.
• aaza- to promise; bir-tee aazaan soonda küüse-dir once promised one must keep one’s word.
• aazaaškïn promise; kurug aazaaškïn empty promise; bïžïg aazaaškïnnï ber- to give a solemn promise; aazaaškïnïn sal- to keep one’s promise.
• aazakčï one who made a promise.
• aazaš- to promise one another.
• aazat- to open one’s mouth; aazadïpkan dïŋnap olur- to listen with one’s mouth open.
• aazatpay (~ aazatpayak) scatter-brain; day-dreamer; slovenly individual; aazatpay čoruk heedlessness.
• aazatpaylan- to be a scatter-brain, day-dreamer, slovenly individual.
• aazattïr- to let open one’s mouth.
• aažï manner, character. [LM aγasi]
• aažï-čaŋ character, disposition, temper; kadïg aažï-čaŋ stern behaviour; čazïk-čaagay aažï-čaŋ open, good character; aažï-čaŋï eki (bak) kiži a person of good (bad) character; eeldek aažï-čaŋga öören- to learn civility, politeness. [LM aγasi-ĵaŋ]
• aažï-čaŋnïg of a certain disposition; eldep aažï-čaŋnïg kiži person of queer character.
• aažïla- to behave; eki (bak) aažïla- to behave kind (unkind), to treat well (bad); kara turazïnda aažïla- to behave wilfully. [LM aγasila-]
• aažïlaaškïn act, deed; eki aažïlaaškïn good deed; ak setkildig aažïlaaškïn honest deed.
• aažïlal act, deed.
• aažïlan- to behave oneself; eki ažïlan- to behave oneself well.
• aažïlat- to let or make behave.
• aažïlïg of a certain disposition.
• aažok very, greatly, terrible, awful, extraordinary; šölde ulus aažok xöy there are a great many people on the grounds; kolxoztarnïŋ malï aažok ösken the livestock of the kolxoz's have grown a great deal; avam aažok ööreen mother was very happy; aažok ulug very big, huge, gigantic, enormous; ačam aažok ulug adïg dayalap kaan my father killed an enormous bear.
• ača father.
• ačay daddy.
• ačazïn- to regard as a father.
• ačï [ahčï] grace, favour, good deed; ačïzï-bile thanks to, in consequence of. [LM ači]
• ačïlïğ beneficial.
• ačïmak [ahčïmak] quiver. [LM ačimaγ]
• ada [ahda] father; soŋgu ada stepfather. [<CT *ata]
• ada- to be called, to be named; to dictate (a text); to tell, to speak, to pronounce; meni Kara-kïs dep adaar they call me Kara-kïs; tekstini ada- to dictate the text; šïn ada- to speak the truth; toda ada- to speak clearly, to pronounce clearly. [<CT *a:ta-]
• ada-čurt fatherland, motherland, homeland.
• ada-čurttaš compatriot.
• ada-iye parents.
• ada-ögbe ancestors.
• ada-töögü the old days, the old times; ada-töögü dužunda in the old days, formerly.
• adaan [ahdaan] hate; revenge. [LM ataγa(n)]
• adaan-öžeennig contest, competition (e.g. in shooting).
• adaandagï below, following; adaandagï čižekter the examples below.
• adaannïg hostile; exitable, reckless; adaannïg dayzïn sworn enemy; adaannïg oyun reckless game; adaannïg demisel competition.
• adaarga- to envy. [LM antaγarqa-]
• adaargak envious; jealous. [LM ataγarqaγ]
• adaargal [ahdaargal] envy, jealousy. [LM ataγarqal]
• adaargančïg enviable.
• adagaš pole; telegraf adagaštarï telegraph poles.
• adak underside, the part below; ežik adaa the underside of the door; xem adaa the lower reaches of a river; adaanga to the underside, below, underneath; adaanda at the underside, underneath; adaandan from underneath, from below; stol adaanda underneath the table; ahttar ïyaš adaanda turgan the horses were standing under the tree; adaktïŋ soonda eventually, finally, at last; [LM adaγ]
• adakkï under, nether, being underneath; felt to cover the walls of the yurt; adakkï kaht ground floor.
• adalïškïlar (~ adaškïlar) father and child(ren).
• adan [ahdan] camel of burden (castrated). [LM ata(n)]
• adaska skin on which to sleep; a good-for-nothing. [LM adasqa]
• adaš playful address of girls towards youths.
• adattïn- to be called.
• adïg bear; ak adïg polar bear. [<CT *adïg]
• adïg [ahdïg] shot, throw.
• adïg-kiriži ivy.
• adïgžï bowman, shooter, marksman, hunter.
• adïguuzun animal, beast. [LM adaγusun]
• adïïrga- to be conceited, presumptuous.
• adïïrgak conceited, presumptuous, affected, pompous, vain.
• adïïškïn shot, stroke, blow; xün adïïškïnï sunstroke.
• adïm bowshot (as a unit of length).
• adïr branch, fork, subdivision; oruk adïrï fork in the road.
• adïr [ahdïr] wait a moment! coming! stop!
• adïr- to separate, to release, let go; to unhook, to take off. [<CT *adïr-]
• adïr-kuduruk wood-louse.
• adïram cf. adïr wait!
• adïrïk tributary; delta; fork of a river. [<CT *adruk]
• adïrïkta- to make smaller, to get small-change.
• adïrlïg branched, having many branches, tributaries, subdivisions; xöy adïrlïg ažïl-agïy economy with many branches.
• adïš palm of the hand; handful. [<CT *aduč]
• adïš [ahdïš] the shooting, a shot.
• adïšta- to take a handful.
• agaar air; weather; money. [←Kh agaar, LM agar]
• agaarla- to go for a walk.
• aganak [ahganak] white grouse.
• agar [ahgar] wool of the second (autumnal) shearing of a sheep. [←Kh axar, LM aqur]
• agar- to become white, to turn grey, to grow pale; to be innocent; bažï agara bergen his/her head has turned grey. [<CT *a:kar-]
• agarla- to shear in autumn; xoy agarla- to shear sheep in autumn. [LM aqurla-]
• agart- to make white. [<CT *a:kart-]
• agban cf. ïgban dead branch.
• agï species of wormwood (Artemesia, Compositae). [LM agi]
• agïïčal flowing, streaming.
• agïïnak cf. aganak white grouse.
• agïïškïn the act of streaming, flowing.
• agïm a current, a stream, a flow. [<CT *akïm]
• agïr- to accompany a shaman, imitating his calling out loud.
• agïs- (aksïr) to strain, to filter, to let flow, to turn on (the water).
• agla- to hunt game using a battue, ambush.
• ak white; ak xar white snow; ak xleb white bread; ak xep linen, washing; ak pös white fabric, white linen; ak dün ‘midnight sun’; ak baštïg ašak white-haired old man; ak aht white horse; ak čem food from milk, dairy dish; ak xendir flax; ak setkil honesty, integrity, uprightness, sincerity, candour; ak setkildig honest, upright, sincere; karak agï the white of the eye; ak xol person shirking rough work [Rus beloručka]. [<CT *a:k]
• ak- [ahk-] (agar) to stream, to flow; xem daglar arazï-bile agïp čïdar the river flows amidst the mountains; balïgdan xan agïp čïtkan blood flowed from the wound; agar san account current. [<CT *ak-]
• ak-balïk dace (Cyprinus Leuciscus); salmon species.
• ak-bïdaa rice.
• ak-demir aluminium.
• ak-eeren shamanic idol.
• ak-kïr grey roan (horse coat).
• ak-kïzïl pale red, pink.
• ak-kodan white hare.
• ak-kožaalïk male gopher, male ground squirrel.
• ak-kök grey, light blue.
• ak-kuskun seagull.
• ak-taraa wheat.
• akï (~ akkï) [ahkkï] elder brother; form of address towards older men, uncle. [LM aγa]
• akï-duŋma brothers and sisters, siblings; brotherly; akï-duŋma ulustar brotherly peoples; akï-duŋma boluru brotherhood.
• akï-duŋmalažïïškïn fraternization.
• akï-duŋmalïškï (~ akï-duŋmaškï) brotherly; akï-duŋmaškï čoruk brotherhood, fraternity; ulustarnïŋ akï-duŋmaškï čoruu the brotherhood of nations.
• akïlïškï(lar) (~ akïškï(lar)) brothers, brothers and sisters, siblings.
• akïy (form of address) elder brother, uncle.
• akïzïn- to regard as a brother.
• akkïr very white, snowwhite.
• akkïrar- to become very white, to turn white.
• akkïrart- to make very white, to turn white.
• aksïmaar whitish.
• akša (~ aška) [ahkša] money; akša xavï wallet.
• akša-möŋgün money.
• akša-tögerik money.
• akša-xöreŋgi cash, capital.
• akšala- to earn money.
• akšalan- to acquire or gain money.
• akšalandïr- to finance, to allocate money for.
• akšalandïrïïškïn financing, grant.
• akšalïg having money, rich; paid; akšïlïg ažïl paid work.
• akšï- [ahkšï-] to grow old (of people).
• akta gelding; castration. [LM aγta]
• aktala- to castrate. [LM aγtala-]
• aktïg innocent; aktïg töl innocent children.