Suffix cheatsheet
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Case
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | Krueger or A&H | |||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Cases | |||||||||||
| Genitive | /-NIŋ/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -tiŋ | -tüŋ | -tyŋ | -tuŋ | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||
| After l | -diŋ | -düŋ | -dyŋ | -duŋ | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| After everything else | -niŋ | -nüŋ | -nyŋ | -nuŋ | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| Dative | /-KA/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -ke | -ka | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| After voiced consonants | -ge | -ga | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||||
| Accusative | /-NI/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -ni | -nü | -ny | -nu | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||
| After l | -di | -dü | -dy | -du | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| After everything else | -ti | -tü | -ty | -tu | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| Locative | /-DA/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -te | -ta | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| After everything else | -de | -da | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||||
| Ablative | /-DAn/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -ten | -tan | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
| After everything else | -den | -dan | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||||
| Directive I | /-Je/ | After voiced phonemes | -zhe | A&H 2.1.1.4 | |||||||
| After unvoiced phonemes | -che | A&H 2.1.1.4 | |||||||||
| Directive II | /-DIvA/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -tive | -tüve | -tyva | -tuva | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||
| After everything else | -dive | -düve | -dyva | -duva | A&H 2.1.1.4 | ||||||
Nouns
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Nouns | |||||||||||
| Noun Plurals | /-LAr/ | After a vowel or r, g, j | -ler | -lar | A&H 2.1.1.1 | ||||||
| After nasals n, m, ŋ | -ner | -nar | A&H 2.1.1.1 | ||||||||
| After l | -der | -dar | A&H 2.1.1.1 | ||||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -ter | -tar | A&H 2.1.1.1 | ||||||||
| First Person Singular Possesive | /-(I)m/ | After consonants | -im | -üm | -ym | -um | A&H 2.1.1.5 | ||||
| After vowels | -m | A&H 2.1.1.5 | |||||||||
| Second Person Singular Possesive | /-(I)ŋ/ | After consonants | -iŋ | -üŋ | -yŋ | -uŋ | A&H 2.1.1.5 | ||||
| After vowels | -ŋ | A&H 2.1.1.5 | |||||||||
| Third Person Singular Possesive | /-(z)I/ | After consonants | -i | -ü | -y | -u | A&H 2.1.1.5 | ||||
| After vowels | -zi | -zü | -zy | -zu | A&H 2.1.1.5 | ||||||
| First Person Plural Possesive | /-IvIs/ | -ivis | -üvüs | -yvys | -uvus | A&H 2.1.1.5 | |||||
| Second Person Plural Possesive | /-IŋAr/ | -ŋer | -ŋar | Krueger | |||||||
| -eŋer | -üŋer | -yŋar | -uŋar | A&H 2.1.1.5 | |||||||
| Third Person Plural Possesive | /-(z)I/ | -i | -ü | -y | -u | A&H 2.1.1.5 | |||||
| -zi | -zü | -zy | -zu | A&H 2.1.1.5 | |||||||
| Ordinal Numbers (infrequent) | /-GI/ | -ki | -kü | -ky | -ku | A&H 2.1.3 | |||||
| -gi | -gü | -gy | -gu | A&H 2.1.3 | |||||||
| Collective Numbers | /-AlAA(n)/ | .......... | -eleen | -alaan | A&H 2.1.3 | ||||||
| ........... | -elee | -alaa | Krueger | ||||||||
| Archaic Collective Number | /-ALdIrzI/ | ....... A&H typo on /L/? | -eldirzi | -eldürzü | -aldyrzy | -aldurzu | A&H 2.1.3 | ||||
Adjectives
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Adjectives | |||||||||||
| Denoting Posession of the Noun or its Qualities | /-LIg/ | After a vowel or r, g, j | -lig | -lüg | -lyg | -lug | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||
| After nasals n, m, ŋ | -nig | -nüg | -nyg | -nug | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||||
| After l | -dig | -düg | -dyg | -dug | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -tig | -tüg | -tyg | -tug | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||||
| /-KI/ | .......... | -ki | -kü | -ky | -ku | A&H 2.1.4 | |||||
| ............ | -gi | -gü | -gy | -gu | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||||
| Augmentative | /-zImAAr/ | -zimeer | -zümeer | -zymaar | -zumaar | A&H 2.1.4 | |||||
| Augmentative | /-Il(dIr)/ | A&H 2.1.4 | |||||||||
| Intensity Augmentative | /-(Iŋ)kIr/ | ........... | -kir | -kür | -kyr | -kur | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||
| ............. | -iŋkir | -üŋkür | -yŋkyr | -uŋkur | A&H 2.1.4 | ||||||
Nominal Categorizers
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Nominal Categorizers (deverbal noun) | |||||||||||
| /-Ig/ | -ig | -üg | -yg | -ug | |||||||
| /-čI/ | -che | -cha | |||||||||
| /-KčI/ | ............ | -kchi | -kchü | -kchy | -kchu | ||||||
| .......... | -gchi | -gchü | -gchy | -gchu | |||||||
| /-IIškIn/ | Krueger | -ishkin | -üshkün | -yshkyn | -ushkun | Krueger | |||||
| ............. | -iishkin | -üüshkün | -yyshkyn | -uushkun | A&H | ||||||
| /-KI(I)š/ | .............. | -kish, -kiish | -küsh, -küüsh | -kysh, -kyysh | -kush, -kuush | ||||||
| .............. | -gish, -giish | -güsh, -güüsh | -gysh-gysh | -gush-gush | |||||||
| -m | -im | -üm | -ym | -um | -m | Krueger /-Im/ | |||||
| /-čIn/ | -chin | -chün | -chyn | -chun | |||||||
| /-lgA/ | -lge | -lga | |||||||||
| /-mAl/ | ........ | -mel | -mal | ||||||||
| Kruger /-ImAl/ | -imel | -ümel | -ymal | -umal | Krueger /-ImAl/ | ||||||
| /-ldA/ | Krueger /-IldA/ | -ilde | -ülde | -ylda | -ulda | Krueger /-IldA/ | |||||
| ........ | -lde | -lda | |||||||||
| -l | |||||||||||
| /-čIgAš/ | -chigesh | -chügesh | -chygash | -chugash | |||||||
| /-čAk/ | -chek | -chak | |||||||||
| /-čIk/ | -chik | -chük | -chyk | -chuk | |||||||
| /-Ak/ | -ek | -ak | |||||||||
| /-BAy/ | ........... | -bej | -baj | ||||||||
| ........ | -mej | -maj | |||||||||
| ........ | -pej | -paj | |||||||||
| ......... | -vej | -vaj | |||||||||
Verbs
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Verbs | |||||||||||
| First Person Singular | /-(I)m/ | -im | -üm | -ym | -um | -m | |||||
| Second Person Singular | /-(I)ŋ/ | -iŋ | -üŋ | -yŋ | -uŋ | -ŋ | |||||
| First Person Plural | /-(I)vIs/ | ....... | -ivis | -üvüs | -yvys | -uvus | |||||
| .......... | -vis | -vüs | -vys | -vus | |||||||
| Second Person Plural | /-(I)ŋAr/ | ....... | -ŋer | -ŋar | |||||||
| ......... | -iŋer | -üŋer | -yŋar | -uŋar | |||||||
| Third Person Plural | /(-LAr)/ | After a vowel or r, g, j | -ler | -lar | |||||||
| After nasals n, m, ŋ | -ner | -nar | |||||||||
| After l | -der | -dar | |||||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -ter | -tar | |||||||||
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Definite Past | /-GAn/ | ............ | -ken | -kan | |||||||
| After voiced consonants | -gen | -gan | |||||||||
| Indefinite Past | /-DI/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -ti | -tü | -ty | -tu | |||||
| After everything else | -di | -dü | -dy | -du | |||||||
| Present-Future | /-Vr/ | After vowels | -r | ||||||||
| /-Ir/ | -ir | -ür | -yr | -ur | |||||||
| /-Ar/ | -er | -ar | |||||||||
| Converb | /-(I)p/ | -ip | -üp | -yp | -up | -p | |||||
| Iterative Aspect | /-KIlA/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -kile | -küle | -kyla | -kula | |||||
| After voiced consonant stems | -gile | -güle | -gyla | -gula | |||||||
| Perfective Aspect | /-IvIt/ | -ivit | -üvüt | -yvyt | -uvut | ||||||
| Resultative (past rhetorical) Aspect | /-ČIk/ | After nasals, l, and unvoiced consonants | -chik | -chük | -chyk | -chuk | |||||
| After sonants r, g, j | -zhik | -zhük | -zhyk | -zhuk | |||||||
| Unaccomplished Aspect | /-GAlAk/ | After voiced consonant stems | -gelek | -galak | A&H | ||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -kelek | -kalak | A&H | ||||||||
| After vowels? | -eelek | -aalak | Krueger | ||||||||
| Cessative Aspect | /-BAstA-/ | ........... | -beste | -basta | |||||||
| ......... | -meste | -masta | |||||||||
| ........ | -peste | -pasta | |||||||||
| ........... | -veste | -vasta | |||||||||
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Conditional Mood | /-ZA/ | .......... | -se | -sa | |||||||
| ......... | -ze | -za | |||||||||
| Concessive Mood | -daa | ||||||||||
| Conciliatory (Voluntative) Mood | /-GAy/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -kej | -kaj | |||||||
| After voiced consonants | -gej | -gaj | |||||||||
| Desiderative Mood | /-ksA/ | -kse | -ksa | ||||||||
| Evidential Mood | /-DIr/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -tir | -tür | -tyr | -tur | |||||
| After everything else | -dir | -dür | -dyr | -dur | |||||||
| Negation | /-BA/ | -pe | -pa | ||||||||
| -be | -ba | ||||||||||
| -ve | -va | ||||||||||
| -me | -ma | ||||||||||
| Present-Future Negation | /-BAs/ | -bes | -bas | ||||||||
| -mes | -mas | ||||||||||
| -pes | -pas | ||||||||||
| -ves | -vas | ||||||||||
| Negative Converb | /-BAyn/ | -pejn | -pajn | ||||||||
| -mejn | -majn | ||||||||||
| -bejn | -bajn | ||||||||||
| -vejn | -vajn | ||||||||||
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Verbal Categorizers (denominal verb) | |||||||||||
| /-LA/ | After a vowel or r, g, j | -le | -la | ||||||||
| After nasals n, m, ŋ | -ne | -na | |||||||||
| After l | -de | -da | |||||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -te | -ta | |||||||||
| /-A/ | -e | -a | |||||||||
| /-IrgA/ | -irge | -ürge | -yrga | -urga | |||||||
| /-ZIrA/ | -sire | -süre | -syra | -sura | |||||||
| -zire | -züre | -zyra | -zura | ||||||||
| /-Ar/ | -er | -ar | |||||||||
| /-rA/ | -re | -ra | |||||||||
| /-Gar/ | -kar | ||||||||||
| -gar | |||||||||||
| /-sI/ | -si | -sü | -sy | su | |||||||
| /-šI/ | -shi | -shü | -shy | -shu | |||||||
| /-čI/ | -chi | -chü | -chy | -chu | |||||||
| /-ksA/ | -kse | -ksa | |||||||||
| -t | |||||||||||
| /-DIrt/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -tirt | -türt | -tyrt | -turt | ||||||
| After everything else | -dirt | -dürt | -dyrt | -durt | |||||||
| /-GIs/ | -kis | -küs | -kys | -kus | |||||||
| -gis | -güs | -gys | -gus | ||||||||
| Reciprocal Action | /-Iš/ | -ish | -üsh | -ysh | -ush | ||||||
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
| Verbal Modifiers | |||||||||||
| Converb | /-(I)p/ | -ip | -üp | -yp | -up | ||||||
| /-A/ | -e | -a | |||||||||
| /-y/ | |||||||||||
| Past Converb | /-GAš/ | -kesh | -kash | ||||||||
| -gesh | -gash | ||||||||||
| "Since" Converb | /-GAlA/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -kele | -kala | |||||||
| After voiced consonants | -gele | -gala | |||||||||
| Durative Converb | /-BIšaan/ | -pishaan | -püshaan | -pyshaan | -pushaan | ||||||
| -bishaan | -büshaan | -byshaan | -bushaan | ||||||||
| -vishaan | -vüshaan | -vyshaan | -vushaan | ||||||||
| -mishaan | -müshaan | -myshaan | -mushaan | ||||||||
| Clitics, Particles, etc. | |||||||||||
| Emphatic Marker | /+LA/ | After a vowel or r, g, j | -le | -la | |||||||
| After nasals n, m, ŋ | -ne | -na | |||||||||
| After l | -de | -da | |||||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -te | -ta | |||||||||
| Equative Marker | /-LA/ | After a vowel or r, g, j | -le | -la | |||||||
| After nasals n, m, ŋ | -ne | -na | |||||||||
| After l | -de | -da | |||||||||
| After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -te | -ta | |||||||||
| Emphatic Focus Marker | =daa | ||||||||||
| Instrumentive Marker | =bile | ||||||||||
| Interrogative & Deictic Particle | /-Il/ | -il | -ül | -yl | -ul | ||||||
| Assertive or Evidential or Copula | /-DIr/ | After voiceless consonants t, p, s, š, k, č | -tir | -tür | -tyr | -tur | |||||
| After everything else | -dir | -dür | -dyr | -dur | |||||||
| Interrogative Particle | be | ||||||||||
| Archiphoneme | Vowel Harmony | No Vowel Harmony | Examples | ||||||||
| Front | Back | ||||||||||
| No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | No Round Harmony | Round Harmony | ||||||||
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | ||||||||
Archiphonemes
/A/ -> e, a
/I/ -> i, ü, y, u
/N/ -> n, t, d
/D/ -> t, d
/L/ -> l, n, d, t
/J/ -> ž, č
/K/ -> k, g, ğ
/G/ -> k, g
/B/ -> b, p, v, m
/V/ -> any vowel
/Č/ -> ch, zh
/Z/ -> s, z
