T

Etymological Legend
Ch	Chinese
CT	Common Turkic
Kh	Khalkha Mongolian
Khak	Khakas
LM	Literary Mongolian
LT	Literary Tibetan
NE	Northeastern Turkic
Rus	Russian
Skt	Sanskrit

• ta well, I don’t know, who knows; ta čeže I don’t know how many, so many.
• taagï tangled lump of wool. [LM daγaki]
• taak constipation (in young animals).
• taakpï tobacco; cf. taapkï, tapkï. [LM tamaki(n)]
• taakpïla- to smoke.
• taala- to enjoy. [LM taγala-]
• taalančïg pleasant, nice.
• taalat- to cause to enjoy.
• taalay palate. [LM tanglai]
• taalïŋ saddle-bags [LM daling ←Ch]
• taan jackdaw.
• taan really, is it possible; very, too much.
• taapkï cf. taakpï tobacco.
• taar large bag, sack. [CT *tagar, LM taγar]
• taarï- (~ taar-) to clip, to cut, to shear; to file, to saw; to drive on, to urge on; to give a dressing down. [LM taγara-]
• taarïmča convenience, comfort; taarïmča čok inconvenient, unpleasant. [LM taγaramĵi]
• taarïmčalïg convenient, comfortable.
• taarïš- to fit, to be suitable.
• taarïštïr- to regulate, to accommodate, to aid, to help; to conform, to adjust, to adapt.
• taarzïn- to be satisfied with.
• tadïla- to laugh loudly.
• tak with strength, with force.
• tal (purple) willow; rod, twig; bora-tal purple willow; kara-tal bay-leaf willow. [<CT *ta:l]
• tala side; tala tïrt- to keep to one’s side; talazï-bile with respect to, concerning. [LM tala]
• tala- to manage to get, to obtain; to break, to crash, to smash; to pillage, to plunder, to loot. [<CT *ta:la-, LM tala-]
• talaar bad, nasty; impossible, cannot stand. [LM talaγar]
• talalakčï adherent.
• talalïg having sides, -sided.
• talïy- to go away, to recede.
• tamčïk rest; peace; self-satisfaction; cf. damčïk.
• tamčïktïg calm, peaceful; self-satisfied.
• tamï abyss; nether world, hell. [<CT *tamu ←Sogdian, LM tamu]
• tamïlïg having an abyss.
• tamïrak cf. damïrak streamlet.
• tana mother-of-pearl; button (e.g. of the bell); tana öök button of mother-of-pearl. [LM dana ←Ir]
• tanak nostril; gill; tanak darbaŋnat- to blow out one’s nostrils; cf. taŋmak.
• tanala- to decorate with mother-of-pearl.
• tančaatčï Chinese merchant.
• tanï- to learn to know, to recognise, to identify. [LM tani-]
• tanïš familiar, well-known, notorious; friend, pal, acquaintance; tanïš čerler familiar places; bo xerek-bile tanïš siler be? are you familiar with this matter? meeŋ bir tanïžïm one of my acquaintances; tanïš ežim my pal.
• tanïš- to become acquainted with, to get familiar with, to learn to know; to survey, to review; čaa ešter-bile tanïš- to meet new friends, to learn to know new friends; ažïldïŋ planï-bile tanïš- to get acquainted with the working plan; delegey baydalï-bile tanïš- to survey the world situation.
• tanïštïr- to introduce, to make familiar.
• tanïštïrïlga introduction.
• tanït- to let recognise, identify.
• tanïttïn- to be recognised, identified; tanïttïnmas unrecognisable, ?evasive; ol tanïttïnmas aparïp-tïr it seemed unrecognisable.
• tanïžïlga introduction; acquaintance; čook tanïžïlga the act of being closely acquainted.
• taŋ powder (in Tibetan medicin); cf. tuŋ.
• taŋdï high mountain, high taiga (mountain forest); taŋdïmay my dear mountain forest, my lofty mountain. [LM tangnuu]
• taŋma brand, seal. [<CT *tamga]
• taŋmak gill. [<CT *tamgak]
• taŋnïïl watchmen, guard. [LM tangnaγul]
• tapkï cf. taakpï tobacco.
• tapta- to forge; to whet; to trample down.
• taptïg tastefull; observant; accurate; pleasant.
• tar close, narrow. [<CT *ta:r]
• tara- to go apart, to spread. [LM taraγa-]
• taraa grain; millet; grass; taraa ok small shot. [LM tariya(n)]
• taraalaŋ producing grain; taraalaŋ xovular grain fields.
• taraalïg having grain. [LM tariyalang]
• taraačïn farmer, peasant; agricultural. [LM tariyači(n)]
• taraažï farmer; agricultural. [LM tariyači(n)]
• tarak sour milk. [LM taraγ]
• tarakan icockroach. [←Ru tarakan]
• taramïk scattered.
• tarat- to extend, to expand; to diffuse, to give out, to disseminate.
• tarbagan marmot. [LM tarbaga(n)]
• tarï- to sow, to plant. [<CT *tarï-]
• tarïmal planted. [LM tarimal]
• tarïmal tooruk sunflower.
• tas bald, bare. [<CT *taz]
• tas-arï wasp.
• taskïl cf. daskïl mountain ridge.
• tavak plate, dish. [LM tabaγ]
• tavak foundation; bažïŋ tavak foundation of a house. [LM tabaγ]
• tavaŋgay sole of the foot. [LM tavaqai]
• tavar- to go through, to enter.
• tavarïlga chance, occurrence; circumstance.
• tavarïš- (tavaržïr) to meet, to occur; užurga tavïrïš- to be compelled.
• tavï weak spot, crack, split, rupture.
• tay- to slip, to slide. [<CT *ta:y-]
• taybïŋ peace. [LM taibung ←Ch]
• tayga taiga; mountain forest. [LM taiγa]
• taygak slippery place, sliding place.
• taygakta- to slip, to slide (of animals).
• taygïr slippery.
• tayïlbïr note, commentary. [LM tayilburi]
• tayïlbïrla- to explain, to comment. [LM tayilburila-]
• tayïlbïrlat(tïr-) to cause to explain, to have explained.
• tayïlbïrlïg explanatory.
• tayïs low and thin or sparse (of grass).
• tayïs- to let slip, to let slide.
• taylak spirit.
• tayzï bas- to slide (with one’s legs).
• tazar- to become bald. [<CT *tazar-]
• te male of the wild goat, buck; cf. dege.
• teger- to circle around.
• tek naive, understanding nothing.
• ten needle, thorn. [<CT *teken]
• tendigir staggering, swaggering (when loosing one’s equilibrium).
• tendik ?stagger-stagger (onomatopoeic for staggering, swaggering).
• tendiŋe- to reel, to stagger, to swagger (when loosing one’s equilibrium).
• tendiŋneeš staggering, swaggering (when loosing one’s equilibrium).
• tendir- to reel, to stagger, to swagger (when loosing one’s equilibrium).
• tendiš ?stagger-stagger (onomatopoeic for staggering, swaggering).
• tenek simple-minded; simpleton; bold, cool, dashing. [LM teneg]
• tenekten- to act stupid.
• tep- [tehp-] to kick. [<CT *tep-]
• tepkiiš step (of stairs), rung (of ladder); pedal.
• teptir- to make kick.
• terbe: terbe ög yurt (made of felt). [LM terme]
• terek poplar. [<CT *terek]
• terektig with poplars; terektig arïg poplar forest. [<CT *tereklig]
• tereŋ deep, profound, depth; high, height (of grass); tereŋ xem deep river; tereŋ sigen high grass; ohttuŋ tereŋi the height of the grass. [<CT *teriŋ]
• tereŋne- to become deep, of the water to rise; xem tereŋney bergen the river had swollen.
• terezin made of needlegrass; terezin šlyapa straw hat.
• terge cart. [LM terge(n)]
• tergele- to drive a chariot. [LM tergele-]
• tergiin the most, very. [LM terigün]
• teve camel; bishop (in chess); teve dügü camel hair; teve ehdi camel meat. [<CT *tebe]
• tevek shuttle, bobbin, whorl; term in knucklebone games. [LM tebeg]
• tevene big needle. [LM tebene]
• tey mountain top; crown of the head.
• teyle- to pray, to worship.
• težik fodder. [cf. LM teĵiye-]
• tig weld; seam; joint; parting (of the hair); baš tii sutures of the skull.
• tigiiškin distance, route, stretch.
• tiile- to win, to vanquish, to defeat.
• tiilelge victory.
• tik zero, nil.
• tik- to thrust into, to prop into; to put a kettle on the fire; to erect. [<CT *tik-]
• tïn life; cf. dïn. [<CT *tïn]
• tïnnïg alive.
• tïn- to breathe; to smoke (tobacco); tïnar-tïnmas holding one’s breath. [<CT *tïn-]
• tïnïš aspiration, respiration; tïnïš organnarï respiratory organs; tïnïš al- to take a breath, to recover one’s breath; uzun tïnïš counting rhymes for showing one’s length of breath.
• tïnïštïg aspirated.
• tïp- [tïhp-] (tïvar) to find. [<CT *tap-]
• tïptïr- (tïptïrar) to cause to find.
• tïrïkï circle; circular, round.
• tïrt- [tïhrt-] to tear, to pull; üze tïrt- to tear to shreads; ora tïrt- to rip to pieces; taakpï tïrt- to smoke. [<CT *tart-]
• tïrtïg rope for tying up firewood (in order to carry it on the back). [<CT *tartïg]
• tïrtïl- to be torn, pulled. [<CT *tartïl-]
• tïrtkan force-meat, sausage-meat; rennet bag (dish); tïrtkan eht force-meat, sausage-meat.
• tïrtkïïš crook, hook.
• tïrtpa hook, boat-hook; gaff. [<CT *tartma]
• tïva [tïhva ~ dïhva] Tuva(n); tïva kiži Tuva person; tïva dïl Tuva language.
• tïvala- to speak or know Tuvan; tïvalap bilir siler be? do you know (speak) Tuvan?; mïnda tïvalap čugaalaptaar kiži bar be? is there a person here who speaks Tuvan?; bo söstü tïvalap bižip beriŋerem please write this word in Tuvan; tïvala! speak Tuvan!; tïvalaalïŋar! let’s speak Tuvan!
• tïvïl- (tïptïr) to come into being, to arise; to be formed; to be found; tïptïp kel- to appear, to come out. [<CT *tapïl-]
• tïvïngïr understanding.
• tïvïš- to help find. [<CT *tapïš-]
• tïvïzïk riddle.
• toda clear(ly), legible. [LM todo]
• todara- to be arranged, to be decided. [LM todora-]
• todug full, satiated.
• todug-dogaa prosperous, in easy circumstances, wealthy.
• togana smokehole of a yurt, skylight. [LM toγona]
• togdu lamb. [<CT *toklï]
• togduk bustard. [LM toγuduγ]
• togla- to fall into pieces, to crumble, to become worn out.
• tok kïl- to beat, to strike.
• tokkula- of a knocking sound to be audible, to tap, to patter. [<CT *tokïla-]
• tokkuŋayïn- cf. tokkula- to tap, to patter.
• tokpak block of wood.
• tokpak docktailed, tailless, short, chopped off (of a tail). [cf. CT *tok]
• tol buckle, clasp.
• tomaannïg humble, meek, submissive.
• tomuyla- to name as, to appoint. [LM tomila-]
• ton dress, garment, fur coat, jacket. [<CT *to:n]
• tona- to rob. [<CT *tona-]
• tonnan- to get dressed, to put on (clothing).
• toŋ extremely, very. [LM tong]
• tool story; ulustuŋ tooldarï folk tales. [LM tuuli]
• toolay hare, rabbit. [LM taulai]
• toolču storyteller. [LM tuuliči]
• toolda- to tell.
• toorgu musk deer.
• tooruk cedar cone, cedar seed.
• tooruktug rich in cedar cones, seeds, nuts.
• toos cf. aldïn-doos peacock. [LM toγos]
• tooskara cf. dooskara beetle, bug; dung beetle.
• toožu narrative, tale, story.
• toožu- to narrate.
• toožula- to narrate.
• toožulal narration, narrative.
• toožulat- to let narrate.
• torga woodpecker.
• torgaal penalty. [LM torγaγuli]
• torgu silk; torgu ton silken garment. [<CT *torku]
• torlaa partridge.
• tos nine; tosku ninth. [<CT *tokuz]
• tos birch bark. [<CT *to:z]
• tos-karak libation spoon.
• tot- (todar) to eat one’s fill, to be satiated. [CT *tod-]
• tottur- (totturar) to let eat one’s fill; xïrïn tottur- to eat one’s belly full. [CT *toddur-]
• toy cf. doy clay.
• toy-buluŋ sorrel (Rumex, Polygonaceae); rhubarb (Rheum, Polygonaceae).
• toyaančï tramp.
• tozan ninety. [<CT *tokson]
• toožu story, tale.
• tödü all, each.
• tögerik round, circular. [LM tögerig]
• tögül- (töktür) to spill, to pour out. [<CT *tökül-]
• tök- [töhk-] to pour out. [<CT *tök-]
• töl children, young, offspring. [<CT *tö:l]
• töle- to pay. [LM tölö-]
• tölee representative, spokesman; töleede to the extend that, in as much as. [LM tölüge(n)]
• töleele- to represent. [LM tölügele-]
• töleelekči representative. [LM tölügelegči]
• töleg pay, fee.
• tölekči payer.
• tölevilel project.[LM tölüblel]
• tölevir payment.
• tölge fate, lot, destiny. [LM tölge]
• tön- to end, to come to an end, to conclude, to finish.
• tönčü end, conclusion.
• töögü history.
• töögülüg historic.
• tööre- to be mistaken, to get lost, to be confused, embarrased, to grow foolish. [LM tögeri-]
• töp center, central. [LM töb]
• töre nose plug of an animal.
• törel people, tribe, clan; relative(s); meeŋ törelim my relatives. [LM töröl]
• törelzirek loving one’s kinsmen.
• törü- to bear, to give birth; töreen native, relative. [LM törö-]
• törümel birth, born.
• törüttün- to be born.
• töš chest. [<CT *tö:š]
• töš tree trunk, log of wood.
• töt- to eat, to digest.
• tötčele- to waste.
• tövüt Tibetan. [LM töbed]
• töžek small tree trunk.
• tuda [tuhda] grip.
• tudug building. [<CT *tutug]
• tudugžu builder.
• tudum handful, bunch. [<CT *tutum]
• tudum all, whole; xün tudum all day; cf. dudum. [LM tutum]
• tudus- (tutsur) to let hold, to let seize, grasp; to hand over, to deliver; to drive on, to urge on; to quickly set out, to depart; šaŋnal tudus- to hand out a reward; čaa tudus- to strongly urge on (e.g. with the whip); če, tutsuptaalï come on, let’s depart. [<CT *tutuz-]
• tuduš (~ tuduškak) crowded, close together, compact.
• tuduš- (tutčur) to hold each other. [<CT *tutuš-]
• tuduštur- to join, to unite something.
• tuk flag, banner. [<CT *tuk, LM tuγ]
• tul- (tular) to reach up to; dumčukka tul- to be at dead end. [LM tul-]
• tulaa swamp, bog.
• tulčuuškun war, battle.
• tuluš- (tulčur) to fight.
• tuman smoke. [<CT *tuman]
• tumannïg smokey.
• tuŋ conch, large shell. (LM dung ←LT duń)
• tuŋ dose (of a medicine); cf. taŋ. [LM tung]
• tur- to be, to be situated; to stand, to stand still; to stand up, to get up; -(I)p tur- progressive; turgaš introduction of direct speech; maŋaa tur stay here!; düün men školaga turgan men I was in school yesterday; daarta ertežik turar men I get up early in the morning; maŋaa kolxoz tövü turar here is the centre of the kolxoz; oluttan tur- to get up from one’s place; xar čaap tur it is snowing; oon tura since then. [<CT *tur-]
• tur- to pull out, to extract; diš tur- to pull out a tooth; dazïlïndan tur- to pull from its root, to uproot, to grub up; tura-tïrt- to pull out, to extract.
• tura wish, will; disposition; self-conceit.
• turala- to desire, to wish for.
• turaskaal monument, memorial.
• turaskaat- to dedicate to.
• turgus- to erect, to establish.
• turgustun- to consist of.
• turguzug construction; regime; technique.
• turguzukču builder.
• turlag abode, residence; stand, stop; site; shelter, refuge.
• turul- (turlur) to be unsteady, shaky, rickety (e.g. teeth); to come off, to tear off, to take off, to fly off.
• turum standing. [<CT *turum]
• turumču- to settle down; to stay.
• turuš situation, position. [<CT *turuš]
• turuš- to stand for, to take a stand. [<CT *turuš-]
• tus apart, isolated, separated; special. [LM tus]
• tus-tuzunda analogue to, in accordance with.
• tuskay special. [LM tusqai]
• tuht (~ tut) freezing over of rivers.
• tut- [tuht-] (tudar) to hold, to seize; to build, to construct; tudup či- to overcome, to vanquish, to become overgrown. [<CT *tut-]
• tuttun- to grasp; to be built.
• tuttungur construction ability.
• tuttur- to get caught, to be seized. [<CT *tuttur-]
• tuuybu brick.
• tuyulduŋ šïn the absolute truth.
• tükčü- to bolt, bar.
• tükčüg bolt, bar.
• tüle- to shed hair, to shed the coat, to moult, to shed feathers, to slough. [<CT *tüle-]
• tümen ten thousand; host, multitude; numerous, innumerable, countless. [<CT *tümen ←Tocharian]
• tüŋ total, sum. [LM düng]
• tüŋne- to sum up; to generalize. [LM düngne-]
• tüŋnel result; ooŋ tüŋnelinde as a result of this.
• tür temporary. [LM tür]
• türe- to go begging, to become destitute; to suffer.
• türeg poverty.
• türemik beggar, invalid.
• türeŋgi beggarly, destitute, poverty-stricken.
• türlüg terrible, formidable; imposing.
• türü (~ tür) outward appearance; facial expression. [LM düri]
• tüvek difficulty, hardship.